潘雪岩的技术专栏

Selenum核心技术

7/25/2020

# 第二章 SE 核心技术

# 2.1 Selenium元素定位

要想操作Web界面上的元素，首先要定位到该元素，Selenium提供了定位元素的.这些方法都被定义在WebDriver类中，这些方法都以find开头例如： find_element_by_id，find_element_by_name等。本节我们就来看一下如何实现元位。

# 2.1.1 八大元素定位

序号 方法名称 描述
1 find_element_by_id 通过id定位元素
2 find_element_by_xpath 通过xpath定位元素
3 find_element_by_link_text 通过连接文本定位元素
4 find_element_by_partial_link_text 通过部分（模糊）链接文本定位
5 find_element_by_name 通过标签名称定位
6 find_element_by_tag_name 通过标签名称定位
7 find_element_by_class_name 通过css class定位
8 find_element_by_css_selector 通过css选择器

test_locator.py

from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep


# driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# driver.get('https://wwww.baidu.com')
# sleep(1)
# driver.maximize_window()
# driver.find_element_by_id('kw').send_keys('selenium')
# driver.find_element_by_id('su').click()
# sleep(5)
# driver.quit()
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By


class TestCase(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        self.driver.get('https://wwww.baidu.com')
        sleep(1)

    def test_id(self):

        self.driver.find_element_by_id('kw').send_keys('selenium')
        self.driver.find_element_by_id('su').click()
        sleep(2)
        # self.driver.quit()

    def test_name(self):
        self.driver.find_element_by_name('wd').send_keys('selenium')
        self.driver.find_element_by_id('su').click()
        sleep(2)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_link_test(self):
        self.test_id()
        self.driver.find_element_by_link_text('百度首页').click()
        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_partial_link_text(self):
        self.test_id()
        self.driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('首页').click()
        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_tag_name(self):
        # self.test_id()
        el = self.driver.find_elements_by_tag_name('input')[0]
        print(el)
        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_class_name(self):
        self.driver.find_element_by_class_name('s_ipt').send_keys('selenium')
        self.driver.find_element_by_id('su').click()
        sleep(2)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_xpath(self):
        self.driver.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="kw"]').send_keys('selenium')
        self.driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='su']").click()
        sleep(2)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_css_selector(self):
        self.driver.find_element_by_css_selector("#kw").send_keys('selenium')
        self.driver.find_element_by_css_selector("#su").click()
        sleep(2)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_find_element(self):
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID, value="kw").send_keys('selenium')
        self.driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@id='su']").click()
        sleep(2)
        self.driver.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    case = TestCase()
    # case.test_id()
    # case.test_name()
    # case.test_link_test()
    # case.test_partial_link_text()
    # case.test_tag_name()
    # case.test_class_name()
    # case.test_xpath()
    # case.test_css_selector()
    case.test_find_element()
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# 2.1.2 WebDriver 相关属性

WebDriver类还有一些其他的常用属性和方法，这一节我们就来学习一下。

浏览器相关属性

属性 属性描述
driver.name 浏览器名称
driver.current_url 当前url
driver.title 当前页面标题
driver.page_source 当前页面源码窗口句柄
driver.current_window_handle / driver.window_handles 当前窗口所有句柄

test_driver_property.py

from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep
"""
浏览器的相关属性
"""


class TestCase(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        self.driver.get('https://www.baidu.com')

    def test_property(self):
        print(self.driver.name)
        print(self.driver.title)
        print(self.driver.current_window_handle)
        print(self.driver.current_url)
        print(self.driver.get_window_size())
        print(self.driver.window_handles)
        # print(self.driver.page_source)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_metho(self):
        self.driver.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys("selenium")
        self.driver.find_element_by_id("su").click()
        sleep(3)
        self.driver.back()
        sleep(2)
        self.driver.refresh()
        sleep(2)
        self.driver.forward()
        sleep(2)
        self.driver.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    case = TestCase()
    # case.test_property()
    case.test_metho()
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浏览器相关方法

方法 描述
driver.back(） 后退
driver.forward(） 前进
driver.refresh() 刷新页面
driver.close() 关闭TAB页
driverquit() 关闭浏览器
driver.switch_to.frame() 切换进frame框架
driver.switch_to.alert 切换到弹框
driver.switch_to.active_element 切换到活动的元素上

测试网站 (opens new window):http://sahitest.com/demo/

test_driver_method.py

from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep


class TestCase(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        self.driver.get('http://sahitest.com/demo')

    def test_element_property(self):
        self.driver.get('http://sahitest.com/demo/linkTest.htm')
        el = self.driver.find_element_by_id('t1')
        print("el->", el)
        print("el.id->", el.id)
        print("el.tag_name->", el.tag_name)
        print("el.rect->", el.rect)
        print("el.text->", el.text)
        print("el.size->", el.size)
        sleep(5)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_element_method(self):
        self.driver.get('http://sahitest.com/demo/linkTest.htm')
        el = self.driver.find_element_by_id('t1')
        el.send_keys("Hello World")
        sleep(3)

        print(el.get_attribute('size'))
        print(el.get_attribute('type'))
        print(el.get_attribute('name'))
        print(el.get_attribute('value'))

        print(el.value_of_css_property('color'))
        print(el.value_of_css_property('font'))

        el.clear()
        sleep(3)

        form_element = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath("//body/form[1]")
        form_element.find_element_by_id('t1').send_keys("haha")

        el.clear()
        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    case = TestCase()
    # case.test_element_property()
    case.test_element_method()
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# 2.3 Selenium WebElement

# 2.3.1 Selenium WebElement属性

当我们使用WebDriver的find方法定位到元素后，会返回一个WebElement对象，对象用来描述Web页面上的一个元素，这一节，我们就来看一下WebElement的常用届性和方法。

WebElement常用属性如下表所示。

属性 属性描述
id 标示
size 宽高
rect 宽高和坐标
tag_name 标签名称
text 文本内容

# 2.3.2 Selenium WebElement方法

接下来我们再来看一下 WebElement的相关方法,如下表所示

方法 方法描述
send_keys() 输入内容
clear() 清空内容
click() 单击
get_attribute() 获得属性值
is_selected() 是否被选中
is_enabled() 是否可用
is_displayed() 是否显示
value_of_ css_property() css属性值
from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep


class TestCase(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        self.driver.get('http://sahitest.com/demo')

    def test_element_property(self):
        self.driver.get('http://sahitest.com/demo/linkTest.htm')
        el = self.driver.find_element_by_id('t1')
        print("el->", el)
        print("el.id->", el.id)
        print("el.tag_name->", el.tag_name)
        print("el.rect->", el.rect)
        print("el.text->", el.text)
        print("el.size->", el.size)
        sleep(5)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_element_method(self):
        self.driver.get('http://sahitest.com/demo/linkTest.htm')
        el = self.driver.find_element_by_id('t1')
        el.send_keys("Hello World")
        sleep(3)

        print(el.get_attribute('size'))
        print(el.get_attribute('type'))
        print(el.get_attribute('name'))
        print(el.get_attribute('value'))

        print(el.value_of_css_property('color'))
        print(el.value_of_css_property('font'))

        el.clear()
        sleep(3)

        form_element = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath("//body/form[1]")
        form_element.find_element_by_id('t1').send_keys("haha")

        el.clear()
        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    case = TestCase()
    # case.test_element_property()
    case.test_element_method()
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# 2.4 SE操作下拉列表

处理下拉列表，需要用到Selenium中的一个工具类Select，下面来看一下这个来中的常用方法。

方法/属性 方法/属性描述
select_by_value() 根据值选择
select_by_index() 根据索引选择
select_by_visible_text 根据文本选择
deselect_by_value 根据值反选
deselect_by_index 根据索引反选
deselect_by_visible_text 根据文本反选
deselect_all 反选所有
options 所有选项
all_selected_options 所有选中选项
first_selected_option 第一个选择选项

​ select.htmml

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>select test</title>
</head>
<body>

<form action="javascript:alert('test')">
province: <br />
    <select name="province" id="province">
        <option value="bj">Beijing</option>
        <option value="tj">Tianjin</option>
        <option value="sh">Shanghai</option>
        <option value="gd">Guangdong</option>
        <option value="sz">Shenzhen</option>
    </select> <br />
    <input type="submit" value="submit" id="submit">

</form>
</body>
</html>
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test_select.py

from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep
from pathlib import Path

from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select


class TestCase(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        path = str(Path.cwd().joinpath('select.html'))
        file_path = 'file:' + path
        self.driver.get(file_path)

    def test_select(self):
        sel = self.driver.find_element_by_id('province')
        select = Select(sel)

        sleep(2)
        select.select_by_index(3)

        sleep(2)
        select.select_by_value('tj')

        sleep(2)
        select.select_by_visible_text("Shanghai")

        self.driver.find_element_by_id('submit').click()
        sleep(2)
        self.driver.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    case = TestCase()
    case.test_select()
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multi_select.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>select test</title>
</head>
<body>

<form action="javascript:alert('test')">
province: <br />
    <select name="province" id="province" multiple>
        <option value="bj">Beijing</option>
        <option value="tj">Tianjin</option>
        <option value="sh">Shanghai</option>
        <option value="gd">Guangdong</option>
        <option value="sz">Shenzhen</option>
    </select> <br />
    <input type="submit" value="submit" id="submit">

</form>
</body>
</html>
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test_multi_select.py

from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep
from pathlib import Path

from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select


class TestCase(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        path = str(Path.cwd().joinpath('multi_select.html'))
        file_path = 'file:' + path
        self.driver.get(file_path)

    def test_multi_select(self):
        sel = self.driver.find_element_by_id('province')
        select = Select(sel)

        for index in range(len(select.options)):
            select.select_by_index(index)
            sleep(1)

        # 反选所有
        select.deselect_all()

        self.driver.find_element_by_id("submit").click()

        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_options(self):
        sel = self.driver.find_element_by_id('province')
        select = Select(sel)

        for option in select.options:
            print(option.text)

        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    case = TestCase()
    # case.test_multi_select()
    case.test_options()
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# 2.5 SE操作复选单选框

Form.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>checkbox radio test</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="javascript:alert('hell form')">
    爱好1： <input type="checkbox" name="swimming", value="swimming" /> <br />
    爱好2： <input type="checkbox" name="basketball", value="basketball" /> <br />
<hr />
    男：<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male"/> <br />
    女：<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female"/> <br />
    <input type="submit" name="login" value="submit" style="background-color: aqua"/>
</form>

</body>
</html>
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from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep
from pathlib import Path


class TestCase(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        path = str(Path.cwd().joinpath("form2.html"))
        form_path = "file:" + path
        self.driver.get(form_path)

    def test_checkbox(self):
        swimming = self.driver.find_element_by_name('swimming')
        if not swimming.is_selected():
            swimming.click()

        basketball = self.driver.find_element_by_name('basketball')
        if not basketball.is_selected():
            basketball.click()

        sleep(2)
        self.driver.find_element_by_name('login').click()

        sleep(1)
        self.driver.switch_to.alert.accept()
        sleep(1)

        if swimming.is_selected():
            swimming.click()

        sleep(2)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_radio(self):
        gender_lst = self.driver.find_elements_by_name("gender")
        gender_lst[0].click()


        sleep(2)
        self.driver.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    case = TestCase()
    # case.test_checkbox()
    case.test_radio()
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# 2.6 SE操作Form表单

form表单是我们经常测试的用例，绝大多数Web程序都有这方面功能，例如：用户登录、注册都会用到form表单。本节为你讲述如何测试form表单。

form表单的是流程是这样的：

  1. 定位表单元素
  2. 输入测试值
  3. 判断表单元素属性
  4. 获得表单元素属性
  5. 提交表单进行验证

Form.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>form test</title>
</head>
<body>

<form action="javascript:alert('hello')">

    username <input type="text" name="username", id="username" /> <br />
    password <input type="password" name="pwd" id="pwd" /> <br />
    <input type="submit" name="submit", id="submit" value="submit">

</form>

</body>
</html>
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from selenium import webdriver
from pathlib import Path
from time import sleep
import os


class TestCase(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        path = str(Path.cwd().joinpath('form.html'))
        file_path = "file:" + path
        self.driver.get(file_path)

    def test_form(self):
        username = self.driver.find_element_by_id("username")
        username.send_keys("admin")

        pwd = self.driver.find_element_by_id("pwd")
        pwd.send_keys("123")

        print(username.get_attribute("value"))
        print(pwd.get_attribute("value"))

        sleep(1)
        self.driver.find_element_by_id("submit").click()
        sleep(1)

        print(self.driver.switch_to.alert.text)
        self.driver.switch_to.alert.accept()

        sleep(2)
        username.clear()
        pwd.clear()

        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    case = TestCase()
    case.test_form()
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# 2.7 处理弹框

页面上的弹框有三种：

  • alert：用来提示

  • confirm：用来确认

  • prompt：输入内容

    方法/属性 方法/属性描述接受
    accept() 接受
    dimis 取消
    text 显示的文本
    send_keys 输入内容

    alert.html

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>alert-confirm-prompt test</title>
</head>
<body>
    <a href="javascript:alert('提示框')" id="alert">Alert</a> <br/><br/>
    <a href="javascript:confirm('确定要删除数据吗？')" id="confirm">Confirm</a><br/><br/>
    <a href="javascript: const age=prompt('请输入要删除的理由'); document.writeln(age)" id="prompt">Prompt</a><br/><br/>
</body>
</html>
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    import pyperclip
from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep
from pathlib import Path
import pyautogui
# from pykeyboard import PyKeyboard
from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select


class TestCase(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        path = str(Path.cwd().joinpath('alert.html'))
        file_path = 'file:' + path
        self.driver.get(file_path)

    def test_alert(self):
        sleep(3)
        self.driver.find_element_by_id('alert').click()
        alert = self.driver.switch_to.alert
        print(alert.text)
        sleep(3)
        alert.accept()

        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_confirm(self):
        self.driver.find_element_by_id('confirm').click()
        confirm = self.driver.switch_to.alert
        print(confirm.text)

        # 确定动作
        # confirm.accept()
        sleep(3)
        # 取消动作
        confirm.dismiss()

        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_prompt(self):

        self.driver.find_element_by_id('prompt').click()
        prompt = self.driver.switch_to.alert

        sleep(3)
        print(prompt.text)

        current_mousex, current_mousey = pyautogui.position()
        print(current_mousex, current_mousey)

        # 当光标默认在输入框时，直接输入
        # pyautogui.typewrite("hello world")

        # 当光标默认不再输入框中要输入需要以下步骤，两种方法都行
        input_image_path = '/Users/mac/PycharmProjects/seleniumEntireTutorial/tutorial/input.jpg'

        # 获取截图内容的坐标中心 方法一
        # x, y = pyautogui.locateCenterOnScreen(input_image_path)
        # 鼠标移动到坐标处
        # pyautogui.moveTo(x, y, duration=0.5)
        # 模拟鼠标左击
        # pyautogui.leftClick(x=x, y=y)

        # 方法二：
        xy = pyautogui.locateOnScreen(input_image_path, confidence=0.9)
        center = pyautogui.center(xy)
        pyautogui.click(center)

        # 无法复制粘贴
        sleep(1)
        chines = "你好"
        pyperclip.copy(chines)
        sleep(1)
        pyautogui.hotkey('command', 'v')

        # pyautogui.typewrite("弄好")

        current_mousex, current_mousey = pyautogui.position()
        print(current_mousex, current_mousey)


        sleep(2)
        try:
            # 根据图片定位在图片在屏幕上的中点
            image_path = '/Users/mac/PycharmProjects/seleniumEntireTutorial/tutorial/queding.jpg'

            # ###### 鼠标点击确定按钮 start 方法一 ###################
            # 获取截图内容的坐标中心
            # x, y = pyautogui.locateCenterOnScreen(image_path)

            # # 鼠标移动到坐标处
            # pyautogui.moveTo(x, y, duration=0.5)

            # 模拟鼠标左击
            # pyautogui.leftClick(x=x, y=y)
            # ###### 鼠标点击确定按钮 end 方法一 ###################

            # ###### 鼠标点击确定按钮 start 方法二 ###################
            xy = pyautogui.locateOnScreen(image_path, confidence=0.9)
            center = pyautogui.center(xy)
            pyautogui.click(center)
            # ###### 鼠标点击确定按钮 end 方法二 ###################


            # prompt.accept()

            current_mousex, current_mousey = pyautogui.position()
            print(current_mousex, current_mousey)

        except Exception as e:
            print(e)
        finally:
            sleep(3)
            self.driver.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    case = TestCase()
    # case.test_alert()
    # case.test_confirm()
    case.test_prompt()
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# 2.8 SE三种等待

在UI自动化测试中,必然会遇到环境不稳定,网络慢的情况,这时如果不做任何处理的话,代码会由于没有找到元素而报错。

另外,一种情况就是页面使用ajax异步加载机制。这时我们就要用到wait,而在 Selenium中,我们可以用到一共三种等待,每一种等待都有自己的优点或缺点,下面我们就来学习下。

  • time.sleep（固定等待）

    在开发自动化框架过程中，最忌讳使用python自带模块的time 的sleep方式进行等待，虽然可以自定义等待时间，但当网络条件良好时，依旧按照预设定的时间继续等待，导致整个项目的自动化时间无限延长，不建议使用。 （注：脚本调试过程时，还是可以使用的，方便快捷)

  • implicitly_wait (隐式等待) 隐式等待实际是设置了一个最长等待时间,如果在规定时间内网页加载完成,则执行下一步,否则一直等到时间结束,然后执行下一步。

    隐式等待会有个坑,我们都知道JavaScript一般都是放在我们的body的最后进行加载,实际这是页面上的元素都已经加载完毕,我们却还在等待全部页面加载结束。

    隐式等待对整个driver周期都起作用,在最开始设置一次就可以了。不要当作固定等待使用,到哪都来一下隐式等待。

  • WebDriverWait (显式等待) WebDriverWait是selenium提供得到显示等待模块引入路径: from selenium. webdriver. support. wait import WebDriverWait

    WebDriverWait参数

    参数driver 参数说明
    driver 传入WebDriver实例
    timeout 超时时间,等待的最长时间
    poll_frequency 调用unti或until_not中的方法的间隔时间,默认是0.5秒忽略的异常
    ignored_exceptions 忽略异常
    from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC


class TestCase(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        self.driver.get('https://wwww.baidu.com')

    def test_sleep(self):
        sleep(2)
        self.driver.find_element_by_id('kw').send_keys('selenium')
        sleep(2)
        self.driver.find_element_by_id('su').click()

        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_implicitly(self):
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(10)
        self.driver.find_element_by_id('kw').send_keys('selenium')
        self.driver.find_element_by_id('su').click()

        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_webdriver_wait(self):
        try:
            wait = WebDriverWait(self.driver, 2, 0.3)
            wait.until(EC.title_is('百度一下，你就知道'))

            self.driver.find_element_by_id('kw').send_keys('selenium')
            self.driver.find_element_by_id('su').click()
        except Exception as e:
            print(e)
        finally:
            sleep(3)
            self.driver.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    case = TestCase()
    # case.test_sleep()
    # case.test_implicitly()
    case.test_webdriver_wait()
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    • expected_conditions 17中等待条件
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
1
等待条件 描述 返回值类型
title_is 判断title,是否出现 布尔
title_contains 判断title,是否包含某些字符 布尔
presence_of_element_located 判断某个元素是否被加到了dom树里,并不代表该元素一定可见 WebElement
visibility_of_element_located 判新某个元素是否被添加到dom里并且宽和高都大于0 WebElement
visibility_of 判断元素是否可见，如果可见就返回这个元 WebElement
presence_of_all_elements_located 判断是否至少有1个元素存在于dom树中 列表
visibility_of_any_elements_located 判断是否至少有一个元素在页面中可见 列表
text_to_be_present_in_element 判斯指定的元素中是否包含了预期的字符串 布尔
text_to_be_present_in_element_valve 判断指定元素的属性值中是否包合了预期的字符串 布尔
frame_to_be_available_and_switchto_it 判断iframe是否可以switch进去 布尔
invisibility_of_element_located 判断某个元素在是否存在于dom或不可见 布尔
element_to_be_clickable 判断某个元素中是否可见并且是enable的. 代表可点击 布尔
staleness_of 等待某个元素从dom树中移除 布尔
element to_be selected 判断某个元素是否被选中了,一般用在下拉列 布尔
element_selection_state_to_be 判断某个元素的选中状态是否符合预期 布尔
element_located_selection_state_to_be 判断某个元素的选中状态是否符合预期 布尔
aert_is_present 判断页面上是否存在alert alert
  • Selenium中的鼠标和键盘事件被封装在ActionChains类中,正确的使用方法是: ActionChains(driver).click(btn) . perform()下面列出ActionChains中常用方法:
序号 方法 方法描述
1 click(on_element=None) 单击鼠标左键
2 click and hold(on element=None) 点击鼠标左键,不松开
3 context_click(on element-None) 点击鼠标右键
4 double click(on element-None) 双击鼠标左键
5 drag and_drop(source, target) 拖搜到某个元素然后松开
6 drag and_drop.by_offset(source, xoffset, yoffset) 拖搜到某个坐标然后松开
7 key_down(value, element-None) 按下某个键盘上的键
8 key.up(value, element=None) 松开某个键
9 move_by_offset(xoffset, yoffset) 鼠标从当前位置移动到某个坐标
10 move_to_element(to.element) 鼠标移动到某个元素
11 move_to_element_with_offset(to.element, xoffset, yoffset) 动到距某个元素(左上角坐标)多距离的位置
12 perform() 执行链中的所有动作
13 release(on element-None) 在某个元素位置松开鼠标左键
14 send_keys(*keys_to_send) 发送某个键到当前焦点的元素
15 send_keys_to_element(element, *keys to_send) 发送某个键到指定元素
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from pathlib import Path


class TestCase(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        path = str(Path.cwd().joinpath('wait.html'))
        file_path = 'file:' + path
        self.driver.get(file_path)

    def test_webdriver_wait(self):
        self.driver.find_element_by_id('btn').click()

        try:

            # 去掉这个显示等待或者等待时间比较短就会失败
            wait = WebDriverWait(self.driver, 3, 0.3)
            wait.until(EC.text_to_be_present_in_element((By.ID, 'id2'), 'id2'))
            print(self.driver.find_element_by_id('id2').text)
        except Exception as e:
            print(e)
        finally:
            sleep(3)
            self.driver.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    case = TestCase()
    case.test_webdriver_wait()
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# 2.9 等待条件

    def test_webdriver_wait(self):
        self.driver.find_element_by_id('btn').click()

        try:

            # 去掉这个显示等待或者等待时间比较短就会失败
            wait = WebDriverWait(self.driver, 3, 0.3)
            wait.until(EC.text_to_be_present_in_element((By.ID, 'id2'), 'id2'))
            print(self.driver.find_element_by_id('id2').text)
        except Exception as e:
            print(e)
        finally:
            sleep(3)
            self.driver.quit()
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# 2.10 截图

# 2.10.1全屏截图

WebDriver内置了一些在测试中捕获屏幕并保存的方法:

方法 方法描述
save_screenshot(filename) 获取当前屏幕截图并保存为指定文件, filename指指定保存的路径或者图片的文件名
get-screenshot_asbase64() 获取当前屏幕截图base64编码字符串
get-screenshot-as_file(fimename) 获取当前的屏幕截图,使用完整的路径
get_screenshot_as_png() 获取当前屏幕截图的二进制文件数据

test_screenshot.py

from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep, strftime, localtime, time
from pathlib import Path
import os


class TestCase(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        self.driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

    def test_save_picture(self):
        sleep(2)
        path = str(Path.cwd()) + r"/screenShoot/"
        format_time = strftime('%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S', localtime(time()))
        file_path = path + format_time + '.png'
        self.driver.save_screenshot(file_path)

        path2 = os.path.abspath('screenShoot')
        file_name = format_time + '.jpg'
        file_path2 = path2 + '/' + file_name
        print(file_path2)



        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    case = TestCase()
    case.test_save_picture()
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# 2.10.2 元素截图

 def test_screen_shoot_element(self):
        search_el = self.driver.find_element_by_id("kw")

        format_time = strftime('%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S', localtime(time()))
        path2 = os.path.abspath('screenShoot')
        file_name = format_time + '.jpg'
        file_path2 = path2 + '/' + file_name

        search_el.screenshot(file_path2)
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# 2.11 JS脚本应用

from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep


class TestCase(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        self.driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

    def test_js(self):
        self.driver.execute_script('alert("Hello World")')
        sleep(2)

        self.driver.switch_to.alert.accept()

        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_via_js_get_title(self):
        js = "return document.title"
        title = self.driver.execute_script(js)
        print(title)
        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_modify_style(self):
        sleep(2)
        js = 'var q=document.getElementById("kw");q.style.border="2px solid red"'

        self.driver.execute_script(js)

        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_scroll(self):
        self.driver.find_element_by_id('kw').send_keys('selenium')
        self.driver.find_element_by_id('su').click()
        sleep(2)
        js = "window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)"
        self.driver.execute_script(js)

        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    case = TestCase()
    # case.test_js()
    # case.test_via_js_get_title()
    # case.test_modify_style()
    case.test_scroll()
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# 2.12 鼠标和键盘事件

from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys


class TestCase(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        self.driver.get('http://sahitest.com/demo/clicks.htm')

    def test_mouse(self):
        sleep(2)
        double_btn = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[contains(@value,'dbl click me')]")
        ActionChains(self.driver).double_click(double_btn).perform()

        sleep(2)
        click_btn = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='click me']")
        ActionChains(self.driver).double_click(click_btn).perform()

        sleep(2)
        context_btn = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='right click me']")
        ActionChains(self.driver).context_click(context_btn).perform()

        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_keys(self):
        self.driver.get('https://www.baidu.com')
        kw = self.driver.find_element_by_id('kw')
        kw.send_keys("selenium")

        sleep(2)
        kw.send_keys(Keys.COMMAND, 'a')
        sleep(2)
        kw.send_keys(Keys.COMMAND, 'x')
        sleep(2)
        kw.send_keys(Keys.COMMAND, 'v')

        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_move_to(self):
        self.driver.get('https://www.baidu.com')

        login_el = self.driver.find_element_by_link_text('新闻')
        sleep(1)
        ActionChains(self.driver).move_to_element(login_el).click().perform()

        sleep(3)
        self.driver.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    case = TestCase()
    # case.test_mouse()
    # case.test_keys()
    case.test_move_to()
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Last Updated: 7/25/2021, 11:17:44 PM